1)What is Code
Access Security (CAS)? How does CAS work?
CAS is the part of the .NET
security model that determines whether or not a piece of code is allowed to
run, and what resources it can use when it is running. For example, it is CAS
that will prevent a .NET web applet from formatting your hard disk.
The CAS security policy
revolves around two key concepts - code groups and permissions. Each .NET
assembly is a member of a particular code group, and each code group is granted
the permissions specified in a named permission set. For example, using the
default security policy, a control downloaded from a web site belongs to the
'Zone - Internet' code group, which adheres to the permissions defined by the
'Internet' named permission set. (Naturally the 'Internet' named permission set
represents a very restrictive range of permissions.)
2)What is a
WebService and what is the underlying protocol used in it? Namespace?
Web Services are applications delivered as a
service on the Web. Web services allow for programmatic access of business
logic over the Web. Web services typically rely on XML-based protocols,
messages, and interface descriptions for communication and access. Web services
are designed to be used by other programs or applications rather than directly
by end user. Programs invoking a Web service are called clients. SOAP over HTTP
is the most commonly used protocol for invoking Web services.
3)What is
Method Overriding? How to override a function in C#?
The .NET Framework provides a run-time
environment called the Common Language Runtime, which manages the execution of
code and provides services that make the development process easier. Compilers
and tools expose the runtime's functionality and enable you to write code that
benefits from this managed execution environment. Code that you develop with a
language compiler that targets the runtime is called managed code; it benefits
from features such as cross-language integration, cross-language exception
handling, enhanced security, versioning and deployment support, a simplified
model for component interaction, and debugging and profiling services.
4)What is the
namespace threading in .net?
System.Threading.Thread How to encode string
string ss="pervej"; string
encode=Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(ss));
Response.Write(encode);
5)What is
.NET?
.NET is essentially a
framework for software development. It is similar in nature to any other
software development framework (J2EE etc) in that it provides a set of runtime
containers/capabilities, and a rich set of pre-built functionality in the form
of class libraries and APIs .
The .NET Framework is an
environment for building, deploying, and running Web Services and other
applications. It consists of three main parts: the Common Language Runtime, the
Framework classes, and ASP.NET.
6)How many
languages .NET is supporting now?
When .NET was introduced it
came with several languages. VB.NET, C#, COBOL and Perl, etc. .net Supports
More than 44 languages.
7)How is .NET
able to support multiple languages?
A language should comply
with the Common Language Runtime standard to become a .NET language. In .NET,
code is compiled to Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL for short). This is
called as Managed Code. This Managed code is run in .NET environment. So after
compilation to this IL the language is not a barrier. A code can call or use a
function written in another language.
8)What is an
application server?
As defined in Wikipedia, an
application server is a software engine that delivers applications to client
computers or devices. The application server runs your server code. Some well
known application servers are IIS (Microsoft), WebLogic Server (BEA), JBoss
(Red Hat), WebSphere (IBM).
9)What is
inheritance?
nheritance represents the
relationship between two classes where one type derives functionality from a
second type and then extends it by adding new methods, properties, events,
fields and constants. C# support two types of inheritance:
- Implementation inheritance
- Interface inheritance
10)What is
implementation and interface inheritance?
When a class (type) is
derived from another class(type) such that it inherits all the members of the
base type it is Implementation Inheritance.
When a type (class or a
struct) inherits only the signatures of the functions from another type it is
Interface Inheritance.
In general Classes can be
derived from another class, hence support Implementation inheritance. At the
same time Classes can also be derived from one or more interfaces. Hence they
support Interface inheritance.
11)What is
inheritance hierarchy?
The class which derives
functionality from a base class is called a derived class. A derived class can
also act as a base class for another class. Thus it is possible to create a
tree-like structure that illustrates the relationship between all related
classes. This structure is known as the inheritance hierarchy.
12)How do you
prevent a class from being inherited?
VB.NET you use the NotInheritable modifier to
prevent programmers from using the class as a base class. In C#, use the sealed
keyword.
13)Define
Overriding?
Overriding is a concept
where a method in a derived class uses the same name, return type, and
arguments as a method in its base class. In other words, if the derived class
contains its own implementation of the method rather than using the method in
the base class, the process is called overriding.
14)Can you use
multiple inheritance in .NET?
.NET supports only single
inheritance. However the purpose is accomplished using multiple interfaces.
15)What is an
Interface?
An interface is a standard
or contract that contains only the signatures of methods or events. The
implementation is done in the class that inherits from this interface.
Interfaces are primarily used to set a common standard or contract.
16)What is
business logic?
It is the functionality
which handles the exchange of information between database and a user
interface.
17)What is a
component?
Component is a group of
logically related classes and methods. A component is a class that implements
the IComponent interface or uses a class that implements IComponent interface.
18)What is a
control?
A control is a component
that provides user-interface (UI) capabilities.
19)What are
design patterns?
Design patterns are common
solutions to common design problems.
20)What is a
connection pool?
A connection pool is a
‘collection of connections’ which are shared between the clients requesting
one. Once the connection is closed, it returns back to the pool. This allows
the connections to be reused.
21)What is a
flat file?
A flat file is the name
given to text, which can be read or written only sequentially.
22)What are
functional and non-functional requirements?
Functional requirements
defines the behavior of a system whereas non-functional requirements specify
how the system should behave; in other words they specify the quality
requirements and judge the behavior of a system. E.g.
Functional - Display a chart
which shows the maximum number of Customer in a region.Non-functional – The
data presented in the chart must be updated every 60 minutes.
23)What is the
global assembly cache (GAC)?
GAC is a machine-wide cache
of assemblies that allows .NET applications to share libraries. GAC solves some
of the problems associated with dll’s (DLL Hell).
24)What is Boxing/Unboxing?
Boxing is used to convert
value types to object.
E.g. int x = 1;
object obj = x ;
Unboxing is used to convert
the object back to the value type.
E.g. int y = (int)obj;
Boxing/unboxing is quiet an
expensive operation.
25)What is
globalization?
Globalization is the process
of customizing applications that support multiple cultures and regions.
26)What is
localization?
Localization is the process
of customizing applications that support a given culture and regions.
27)What is
MIME?
The definition of MIME or
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions as stated in MSDN is “MIME is a standard
that can be used to include content of various types in a single message. MIME
extends the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) format of mail messages to
include multiple content, both textual and non-textual. Parts of the message
may be images, audio, or text in different character sets. The MIME standard
derives from RFCs such as 2821 and 2822”.
28)How ASP
.NET different from ASP?
Scripting is separated from
the HTML, Code is compiled as a DLL, these DLLs can be executed on the server.
29)What is
smart navigation?
The cursor position is
maintained when the page gets refreshed due to the server side validation and
the page gets refreshed.
30)What is
view state?
The web is stateless. But in
ASP.NET, the state of a page is maintained in the in the page itself
automatically. How? The values are encrypted and saved in hidden controls. this
is done automatically by the ASP.NET. This can be switched off / on for a
single control
31)What is ADO
.NET and what is difference between ADO and ADO.NET?
ADO.NET is stateless
mechanism. I can treat the ADO.Net as a separate in-memory database where in I
can use relationships between the tables and select insert and updates to the
database. I can update the actual database as a batch.
32)What is
"Common Language Specification" (CLS)?
CLS is the collection of the
rules and constraints that every language (that seeks to achieve .NET
compatibility) must follow. It is a subsection of CTS and it specifies how it
shares and extends one another libraries.
33)What’s a
Windows process?
It’s an application that’s
running and had been allocated memory.
34)What’s
typical about a Windows process in regards to memory allocation?
Each process is allocated
its own block of available RAM space, no process can access another process’
code or data. If the process crashes, it dies alone without taking the entire
OS or a bunch of other applications down.
35) Explain
what relationship is between a Process, Application Domain, and Application?
Each process is allocated
its own block of available RAM space, no process can access another process’
code or data. If the process crashes, it dies alone without taking the entire
OS or a bunch of other applications down. A process is an instance of a running
application. An application is an executable on the hard drive or network.
There can be numerous processes launched of the same application (5 copies of
Word running), but 1 process can run just 1 application.
36)What are
possible implementations of distributed applications in .NET?
.NET Remoting and ASP.NET
Web Services. If we talk about the Framework Class Library, noteworthy classes
are in System.Runtime.Remoting and System.Web.Services.
37) What are
the consideration in deciding to use .NET Remoting or ASP.NET Web Services?
Remoting is a more efficient
communication exchange when you can control both ends of the application
involved in the communication process. Web Services provide an
open-protocol-based exchange of information. Web Services are best when you
need to communicate with an external organization or another (non-.NET)
technology.
38)What’s
Singleton activation mode?
A single object is
instantiated regardless of the number of clients accessing it. Lifetime of this
object is determined by lifetime lease.
39) With these
events, why wouldn’t Microsoft combine Invalidate and Paint, so that you
wouldn’t have to tell it to repaint, and then to force it to repaint?
Painting is the slowest
thing the OS does, so usually telling it to repaint, but not forcing it allows
for the process to take place in the background.
40)What class
does Icon derive from? Isn’t it just a Bitmap with a wrapper name around it?
No, Icon lives in
System.Drawing namespace. It’s not a Bitmap by default, and is treated
separately by .NET. However, you can use ToBitmap method to get a valid Bitmap
object from a valid Icon object.